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See this page as a slide show

CS156 MoreStrings

puts

• A handy routine, puts, writes a string, followed by a newline.
• These two lines of code do the same thing:

puts("hello");
printf("hello\n");

hello
hello

or:

char name[] = "Stephen Fry";
puts(name);
printf("%s\n", name);

Stephen Fry
Stephen Fry

Reading in a value

Could use scanf("%s", string); but…

char message[80];
printf("Enter a string:\n");
scanf("%s", message);
printf("The string just entered is:\n");
puts(message);
printf("The size is %zu:\n", strlen(message));

Why is there no & for scanf?

Reading in a value

Could use scanf("%s", string); but…

char message[80];
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s", message);
printf("You said \"%s\"\n", message);
printf("Size: %zu\n", strlen(message));

Enter a string: Jack Applin
You said "Jack"
Size: 4

That wasn’t what I wanted!

Reading Strings from a User

• The fgets function reads a string from a stream:

    fgets(name, length, stdin);

• name — the name of the character array
• length — the maximum number of characters to read (plus one for the '\0')
• stdin — indicates to read from standard input

• The reading of the string finishes when a '\n' is encountered. That is, it reads a line.
• The newline, '\n', is included in the string.

Reading in a value using fgets

char message[20];
printf("Enter a string: ");
fgets(message, sizeof(message), stdin);
printf("The string just entered is:\n");
puts(message);
printf("The size is: %zu\n", strlen(message));

% ./a.out
Enter a string: The end is near!
The string just entered is:
The end is near!

The size is 17

Where did that blank line come from?

Example

    #include <stdio.h>

    int main() {
        char first[100], last[100];
        printf("Enter your first name: ");
        fgets(first, sizeof(first), stdin);
        printf("Enter your last name: ");
        fgets(last, sizeof(last), stdin);
        printf("Your name is: %s %s\n", first, last);
        return 0;
    }

Example, continued

    % c11 example.c
    % ./a.out
    Enter your first name: Cookie
    Enter your last name: Monster
    Your name is: Cookie
     Monster

That looks awful. We need to remove the newline from the end of the strings.

Example Fix

    // Chop the last character '\n' off the strings
    firstName[strlen(firstName)-1] = '\0';
    lastName[strlen(lastName)-1] = '\0'

Why the -1 ?

The null character isn’t magic

• Keep in mind that writing a null character isn’t magic.
• It doesn’t remove a character.
• It replaces it.

char s[] = "bonehead";
s[4] = '\0';
printf("%s\n", s);

bone

┌────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┐
│ b  │ o  │ n  │ e  │ h  │ e  │ a  │ d  │ \0 │
└────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┘
┌────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┐
│ b  │ o  │ n  │ e  │ \0 │ e  │ a  │ d  │ \0 │
└────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┘

Reading Other Input with fgets

• There are problems with using scanf to read numbers from the keyboard.
• Using fgets to read input as a string is a better approach, but how do we convert the string to a number?
• The function sscanf (notice the extra s) acts like scanf, but on strings rather than standard input.

sscanf example

sscanf(string, format, variables)

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    char line[400];
    float height, weight;
    // read two numbers from a user on one line
    printf("Enter your height and weight: ");
    fgets(line, sizeof(line), stdin);
    // read the two numbers from the string to two floats
    sscanf(line, "%f %f", &height, &weight);
    return 0;
}

Functions in string.h

#include <string.h>

Name	Description
strcpy(s1, s2)	Copies s2 to s1
strcat(s1, s2)	Concatenates s2 onto s1
strlen(s)	Returns the length of s
strchr(s, c)	Finds first occurrence of c in s
strcmp(s1, s2)	Compares s1 to s2

strcpy vs. strcat

char buf[80];
strcpy(buf, "housecat");
puts(buf);
strcpy(buf, "dog");
puts(buf);

housecat
dog

char buf[80];
strcpy(buf, "housecat");
puts(buf);
strcat(buf, "dog");
puts(buf);

housecat
housecatdog

strchr example

char buf[80] = "The quick brown fox jumped over a lazy dog.";
puts(buf);
char *p = strchr(buf, 'x');
if (p == NULL)
    puts("Not found");
else
    *p = 'g';
puts(buf);

The quick brown fox jumped over a lazy dog.
The quick brown fog jumped over a lazy dog.

strcmp examples

char g[] = "gamma", o[] = "omega", z[] = "ZETA";
if (strcmp(g, o) < 0)
    printf("%s comes before %s\n", g, o);
if (strcmp(g, o) == 0)
    printf("%s and %s are the same\n", g, o);
if (strcmp(g, o) > 0)
    printf("%s comes after %s\n", g, o);

if (strcmp(g, z) < 0)
    printf("%s comes before %s\n", g, z);
if (strcmp(g, z) == 0)
    printf("%s and %s are the same\n", g, z);
if (strcmp(g, z) > 0)
    printf("%s comes after %s\n", g, z);

gamma comes before omega
gamma comes after ZETA

Don’t count on the relative order of upper- and lower-case letters, or letters & numbers, punctuation, etc.

Functions in ctype.h

Name	Description
isalpha(c)	Is this a letter?
isupper(c)	Is this an uppercase letter?
islower(c)	Is this a lowercase letter?
isdigit(c)	Is this a digit?
isspace(c)	Is this a whitespace?
toupper(c)	Convert char to uppercase
tolower(c)	Convert char to lowercase

#include <ctype.h>

• They return 0 for false, and something else for true.
• They work only on a single char—not a string!

ctype.h example #1

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int main() {
    char s[] = "Jack 2.0";
    for (int i=0; s[i]; i++) {
        printf("%c:", s[i]);
        if (isalpha(s[i])) printf(" alpha");
        if (isupper(s[i])) printf(" upper");
        if (islower(s[i])) printf(" lower");
        if (isdigit(s[i])) printf(" digit");
        if (isspace(s[i])) printf(" space");
        printf("\n");
    }
}

J: alpha upper
a: alpha lower
c: alpha lower
k: alpha lower
 : space
2: digit
.:
0: digit

ctype.h example #2

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int main() {
    char s[] = "Bonehead 2.0";
    puts(s);

    // Convert to upper case
    for (int i=0; s[i]; i++)
        s[i] = toupper(s[i]);
    puts(s);

    // Convert to lower case
    for (int i=0; s[i]; i++)
        s[i] = tolower(s[i]);
    puts(s);
}

Bonehead 2.0
BONEHEAD 2.0
bonehead 2.0

Functions in stdlib.h

#include <stdlib.h>

Name	Description
atoi(s)	Convert string to int
atof(s)	Convert string to double

atoi = ASCII to integer
atof = ASCII to floating-point value

Understanding the fundamentals

• How do you copy a string?
• How does strcpy actually work?
• Let’s write our own:

void mystrcpy(char to[], char from[]) {
    for (int i=0; i<=strlen(from); i++)
        to[i] = from[i];
}

• Why <= ?
• How many times is strlen called?

Understanding the fundamentals

Let’s avoid calling strlen so many times:

void mystrcpy(char to[], char from[]) {
    int len = strlen(from);
    for (int i=0; i<=len i++)
        to[i] = from[i];
}

• What does strlen really do? Is it cheap?

Understanding the fundamentals

It’s faster to avoid calling strlen, if we care:

void mystrcpy(char to[], char from[]) {
    int i=0;
    while (from[i] != '\0') {
        to[i] = from[i]; 
        i++;
    }
    to[i] = '\0';
}

Strings as parameters to functions

• Recall when we discussed arrays that we needed to pass a second argument to the function — the size of the array
• Another option is to use a constant:

    #define CONST_NAME value

• For strings we can make use of these functions or make use of the null character:
  • If we’re reading through a string in a char array, the best approach is to make the loop condition quit once it encounters a null character.
  • If we actually need to know the number of locations in the array, then send the number or refer to a global constant.

Careful!

Common String Mistakes

• Forgetting to take into account the terminating null character when processing existing strings in a character-by-character manner.
• Forgetting to terminate a newly created character string with the null (not NULL) character '\0'.
• Forgetting that the newline character '\n' is in your string, even though it’s hard to see.
• Forgetting to #include <string.h>, <ctype.h>, or <stdlib.h>.
• Using =, ==, !=, <, >, <=, >= on strings.

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