import java.util.Scanner;

// R6 Assignment
// Author: Justin Daniels
// Date: Feb 7, 2017
// Class: CS163
// E-Mail: jrindnls@cs.colostate.edu



public class R6 {

	private static boolean debug = false;
	
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub

		/*
		 * 
		 * Testing the Scanner methods of nextInt(), nextDouble(), next(),
		 * nextLine(), hasNext(), and hasNextDouble()
		 * 
		 */

		
		// In order to move through each piece incrementally, simply uncomment the debug variable
		// To prevent too much text, comment out the previous instance of debug
		

		//debug = true;

		if (debug) {
			System.out.println("To open a Scanner reading from the system input: ");
			System.out.println("Syntax: Scanner VARIABLE_NAME = new Scanner(System.in);");

			Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

			System.out.print("Capturing input.nextInt(): ");
			int nextInt = input.nextInt();
			System.out.println("Your number was: " + nextInt);
			System.out.println();
			System.out.print("Capturing input.nextDouble(): ");
			double nextDouble = input.nextDouble();
			System.out.println("Your number was: " + nextDouble);
			System.out.println();
			System.out.print("Capturing input.next(): ");
			String next = input.next();
			System.out.println("Your token was: " + next);

			System.out.println("Remember to include an input.nextLine() to discard the remainder of the line!");
			input.nextLine();
			System.out.println();
			System.out.print("Capturing input.nextLine(): ");
			String nextLine = input.nextLine();
			System.out.println("Your line was: " + nextLine);
			System.out.println("Closing Scanner(System.in)");
			input.close();
		}

		debug = false;
		//debug = true;

		if (debug) {
			System.out.println("To open a Scanner reading from a String: ");
			System.out.println("Syntax: Scanner VARIABLE_NAME = new Scanner(STRING_VARIABLE_NAME);");
			System.out.println();
			
			String myFirstTestString = "This is a test of hasNext()";
			
			System.out.println("Initializing Scanner: Scanner stringReader = new Scanner(myFirstTestString);");
			
			Scanner stringReader = new Scanner(myFirstTestString);
			
			System.out.println("Reading from the following String: " + myFirstTestString);
			System.out.println("Testing stringReader.hasNext()");
			
			
			if (stringReader.hasNext()) {
				System.out.println("There was something for me to read, and it was: " + stringReader.next());
			} else {
				System.out.println("I failed to see if there was something here.");
			}
			
			System.out.println("Closing Scanner.");
			stringReader.close();
			System.out.println();
			String mySecondTestString = "1 1.2232";
			System.out.println("Opening Scanner to read the next String: stringReader = new Scanner(mySecondTestString);");
			stringReader = new Scanner(mySecondTestString);
			System.out.println("Reading from the following String: " + mySecondTestString);
			System.out.println("Testing stringReader.hasNextDouble()");
			if (stringReader.hasNextDouble()) {
				System.out.println("I saw a double, and its value is: " + stringReader.nextDouble());
			} else {
				System.out.println("I failed to see a number within this String.");
			}
			System.out.println("Closing Scanner.");
			stringReader.close();
		}

		/*
		 * 
		 * Creating a new String, String methods of length(), indexOf(),
		 * charAt(), substring(), toUpperCase(); toLowerCase(), and
		 * concatenation +.
		 * 
		 */

		debug = false;
		//debug = true;

		if (debug) {

			System.out.println("Declaring a new String without \"new\"");
			System.out.println("Syntax: String VARIABLE_NAME = \"Your text here\";");
			String noNew = "Declared String without the \"new\" keyword";
			System.out.println("My String was created without the \"new\" keyword");
			System.out.println(noNew);
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Declaring a new String WITH \"new\"");
			System.out.println("Syntax: String VARIABLE_NAME = new String(\"Your text here\");");
			String withNew = new String("Declared String with the \"new\" keyword");
			System.out.println("My String was created with the \"new\" keyword");
			System.out.println(withNew);


		}

		debug = false;
		//debug = true;

		if (debug) {

			// .length()
			System.out.println("The .length() method counts how many characters are in a String");
			System.out.println("from 1 ~ however long it might be.");
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Syntax: STRING_VARIABLE.length()");
			System.out.println();
			
			String smallString = "Hello";
			System.out.println("Checking the .length() of \"Hello\"");
			System.out.printf("The word \"Hello\" has %d characters\n", smallString.length());
			System.out.println("Checking the .length() of a String counts spaces.");
			String lotsOfSpaces = "So                   many spaces";
			System.out.println("Checking the length of \"" + lotsOfSpaces + "\"");
			System.out.println("The .length() of that String was: " + lotsOfSpaces.length() + " characters.");
			
			

		}
		debug = false;
		//debug = true;

		if (debug) {

			// .indexOf()
			System.out.println("Methods used to manipulate a String");
			System.out.println("are index based - 0 is the first position, 1 the next");
			System.out.println("all the way up until .length() - 1.");
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("The .indexOf() method takes a character as a parameter");
			System.out.println("and returns the index position of the **FIRST** occurrence");
			System.out.println("If a character is not found, it will return -1");
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Syntax: STRING_VARIABLE.indexOf('character to search for')");
			System.out.println();
			
			String indexOfFound = "Hello";
			System.out.println("The .indexOf('l') in \"Hello\" is: " + indexOfFound.indexOf('l'));
			System.out.println();
			
			String noIndexFound = "Random";
			System.out.println("The .indexOf('x') in \"Random\" is: " + noIndexFound.indexOf('x'));
			
			
		}
		
		debug = false;
		//debug = true;
		
		if(debug){
			
		
			//.charAt()
			System.out.println("The .charAt() method takes an index parameter");
			System.out.println("and returns the character at that position.");
			System.out.println("If an index is out of bounds (-1 OR STRING.length())");
			System.out.println("you will receive an \"IndexOutOfBoundsException\"");
			System.out.println("and the program ends at that point.");
			
			//String outOfBounds = "This example will be out of bounds.";
			//System.out.println(outOfBounds.charAt(outOfBounds.length()));
			
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Syntax: STRING_VARIABLE.charAt(#)");
			System.out.println();
			
			String inBounds = "Testing an index value in bounds";
			System.out.println("The .charAt(6) in \"" + inBounds + "\" is: '" + inBounds.charAt(6) + "'");
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("However, it can also pick up special characters as well.");
			System.out.println("The .charAt(7) in \"" + inBounds + "\" is: '" + inBounds.charAt(5) + "'");
			
			
		}
		
		debug = false;
		//debug = true;
		if(debug){
			
			//.substring()
			System.out.println("The .substring() method can be used to chop");
			System.out.println("up a String and return portions of it back to you.");
			System.out.println("There are 2 different ways to invoke this method:");
			System.out.println(".substring(startingIndex)");
			System.out.println("and");
			System.out.println(".substring(startingIndex, endingIndex - 1)");
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Syntax: STRING_VARIABLE.substring(startingIndex, endingIndex - 1)");
			String subString = "Break it up into smaller pieces";
			System.out.println("String to be broken up: " + subString);
			System.out.println("Testing using .substring(6)");
			System.out.println(subString.substring(6));
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("The original String is unchanged: " + subString);
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Testing using .substring(0, 4)");
			System.out.println(subString.substring(0, 4));
			System.out.println("Testing using .substring(0, 5)");
			System.out.println(subString.substring(0, 5));
			
			
		}
		
		debug = false;
		//debug = true;
		if(debug){
			
			//.toUpperCase() and .toLowerCase()
			System.out.println("String methods never change the base String UNLESS you reassign the String itself.");
			System.out.println("We can use this to our advantage if we want");
			System.out.println("to check a String at a specified case without");
			System.out.println("altering the contents.");
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Syntax: STRING_VARIABLE.toUpperCase() OR STRING_VARIABLE.toLowerCase()");
			String mixedCase = "ThIS is PAinFul FOR mE To WRIte";
			System.out.println("Testing the mixedCase String: " + mixedCase);
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Printing it out in all uppercase using .toUpperCase()");
			System.out.println(mixedCase.toUpperCase());
			System.out.println("Has the original changed?: " + mixedCase);
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Printing it out in all lowercase using .toLowerCase()");
			System.out.println(mixedCase.toLowerCase());
			System.out.println("Has the original changed?: " + mixedCase);
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Not until I reassign it...");
			mixedCase = mixedCase.toLowerCase();
			System.out.println("Reassigned: " + mixedCase);
			
		}
		
		debug = false;
		//debug = true;
		if(debug){
			
			// + and .concat()
			
			System.out.println("Strings can be combined in 2 different ways:");
			System.out.println("The '+' symbol and the .concat(STRING_VAR) method.");
			System.out.println("It is often easier and faster to use the + to combine Strings");
			System.out.println("Concatenation is the term for combining two String into one.");
			
			String firstString = "First String ";
			String secondString = "attaches to the second String.";
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("First String: " + firstString);
			System.out.println("Second String: " + secondString);
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Syntax: STRING_VAR_1 + STRING_VAR_2");
			System.out.println("Combining two Strings using the + symbol");
			System.out.println("System.out.println(firstString + secondString);");
			System.out.println(firstString + secondString);
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Syntax: STRING_VAR_1.concat(STRING_VAR_2)");
			System.out.println("Combining two Strings using the .concat() method");
			System.out.println("System.out.println(firstString.concat(secondString);");
			System.out.println(firstString.concat(secondString));
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("We can also use the String literals to concatenate: ");
			System.out.println("System.out.println(\"My first String\" + \" attaches to my second String\");");
			System.out.println("My first String" + " attaches to my second String");
		}
		
		debug = false;
		//debug = true;
		
		if(debug){
			
			// Character class
			System.out.println("Characters are a primitive data type that can");
			System.out.println("only hold a single character - 'a', 'b', '&', etc.");
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Declaring a character (char) type:");
			System.out.println("char variableName;");
			char myChar;
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Initializing a character type:");
			System.out.println("char variableName = 'single character';");
			char my2dChar = '3';
			System.out.println("My character is: '" + my2dChar + "'");
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Converting a character type to another integer type:");
			my2dChar = 93;
			System.out.println("My character is now '" + my2dChar + "'");
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("The Character class contains methods that we will be able to use");
			System.out.println("to check a boolean condition using a character");
			System.out.println("The Character.isDigit() method will return true if a character is 0 - 9");
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Syntax: Character.isDigit(character_variable)");
			System.out.println("Is '" + my2dChar + "' a digit?: " + Character.isDigit(my2dChar));
			my2dChar = ' ';
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("My character is: '" + my2dChar + "'");
			System.out.println("The Character.isWhitespace() method checks to see if a character is a space");
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Syntax: Character.isWhitespace(character_variable)");
			System.out.println("Is '" + my2dChar + "' a space?: " + Character.isWhitespace(my2dChar));
			System.out.println();
			
			my2dChar = 'B';
			System.out.println("Syntax: Character.isLowerCase(character_variable)");
			System.out.println("Is '" + my2dChar + "' a lowercase character?: " + Character.isLowerCase(my2dChar));
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Syntax: Character.isUpperCase(character_variable)");
			System.out.println("Is '" + my2dChar + "' an uppercase character?: " + Character.isUpperCase(my2dChar));
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Syntax: Character.isLetter(character_variable)");
			System.out.println("Is '" + my2dChar + "' a letter?: " + Character.isLetter(my2dChar));
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Typecasting converts one variable type to another");
			System.out.println("Syntax: (variable to convert to) variableToConvert");
			System.out.println();
			
			System.out.println("Converting '" + my2dChar + "' to its ASCII (integer) value");
			System.out.println("Syntax: (variable type to convert to) variableToConvert");
			System.out.println("(int) my2dChar");
			System.out.println((int)my2dChar);
			
		}
		
	}

}