#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Loud {
  public:
    Loud(char c) : flag(c) { cout << "ctor " << flag << '\n'; }
    ~Loud() { cout << "dtor " << flag << '\n'; }
    const char flag;
};

Loud a('a');

void foo() {
    Loud b('b');
    throw "oops!";
    Loud e('e');
}

int main() {
    Loud c('c');
    foo();
    Loud d('d');
    return 0;
}