CT 320: Network and System Administration

Chapter 12: Software Installation

Colorado State University
Computer Science Department

Original slides from Dr. James Walden at Northern Kentucky University.

Topics

The Problem of Software Installation
Package Management Systems
Using RPM
Finding RPMs
Building RPMs

Software Installation

Customization
- Select options, e.g., language.
- Select file set.
Install new files in appropriate locations.
Modify existing configuration files.
Make software available to user.
- Shell configuration (PATH, etc.)
- GUI configuration (menu, icons, etc.)

What’s the problem?

What prerequisites does your software have?
- What prereqs do your prereq packages have?
How do you handle conflicts?
- What if two programs install/modify same file?
How do you handle upgrades?
- What if user has customized configuration?
- What if ownerships/permissions have changed?
- What if user needs old and new versions?
How do you uninstall software?

Package Manager Features

Build management.
Dependency tracking.
Querying.
Reversibility.
Verification.
Version control.

UNIX Package Management Systems

Debian: dpkg and APT (advanced package tool)
Ubuntu: same as above, same packages, too
Solaris: pkg-add packaging system
Gentoo: portage with emerge command
Slackware: installpkg manages .tgz files
FreeBSD: BSD ports and packages collection
RedHat: rpm packaging system.
- up2date: RHEL interface to RPM
- urpmi: Mandriva interface to RPM
- yast: SuSE interface to RPM
- yum: Fedora interface to RPM

RPM Package Names

name-version-release.arch.rpm
name: name of the software package.
version: version of the software package.
release: release version of the RPM.
arch: architecture (i386, noarch, ppc, etc.)
If arch is src, RPM contains source code for building the package.

RPM Package Contents

Identification
- Identifies package and RPM version.
Signature
- Checksum and digital signature.
Header
- Package and version information.
- Specifies dependencies on other packages.
Payload
- Actual files to install.
- Stored as cpio archive compressed with gzip.
- Use rpm2cpio to obtain cpio archive.

Using RPM

Install
Uninstall
Upgrade
Query
Verify

Installing a Package (rpm)

Check the package and the files it wants to install.
Perform preinstallation tasks.
Uncompress the files and copy them in the proper locations
Perform post-processing tasks
Update the RPM Database

    > rpm -Uvh foo-1.0-1.i386.rpm
    Preparing... ############################## [100%]
    1:foo ############################## [100%]

Upgrading a Package (rpm)

Uninstall + install, retaining configuration files.
- Will install a package if no older version.
- Will remove all older versions.

    > rpm -Uvh foo-1.0-1.i386.rpm
    Preparing... ################################ [100%]
    1:foo ################################ [100%]

Uninstalling a Package (rpm)

Completely removes package from system.

    > rpm -e foo-1.0-1
    > rpm -q foo
    package foo is not installed.

Dependencies

Prevent install/removal if unfulfilled.

    # rpm -e setup
    error: Failed dependencies:
    setup is needed by (installed) basesystem-8.0-1
    setup >= 2.0.3 is needed by (installed)
    initscripts-6.95-1
    setup >= 2.5.4-1 is needed by (installed)
    filesystem-2.1.6-5
    setup is needed by (installed) xinetd-2.3.7-2
    setup is needed by (installed) dump-0.4b28-4
    # rpm -q setup
    setup-2.5.20-1

Dependency Resolution

Higher level tools handle dependencies
- up2date, yum
Automatic resolution + downloading.
1. Find dependencies in RPM headers.
2. Download dependencies, check their headers.
3. Repeat.
4. Install after all RPMs downloaded.
Download sites:
- rpm: /etc/sysconfig/rhn/sources
- yum: /var/cache/yum

RPM Options

Specify multiple RPMs at once.
- RPM will order them to resolve dependencies.
--prefix: install in new location.

    rpm --prefix /usr/local -Uvh *.rpm

--oldpackage: revert to an older version

    rpm --oldpackage -Uvh foo-0.9-2.i386.rpm

Forcing install, upgrade, or removal
- --force allows overwriting of files/packages.
- --nodeps allows install w/o dependency check.

Just Testing

Testing (--test) discovers common errors:
- Package already installed.
- Package needs dependencies.
Root (--root /tmp) changes fs root.
- Performs installs in chroot() environment.
- Allows you to test software installs without impacting your running RPM database/pkgs.

Querying the RPM Database

    # rpm -q telnet
    telnet-0.17-31.EL4.3
    # rpm -ql telnet
    /usr/bin/telnet
    /usr/share/man/man1/telnet.1.gz
    # rpm -qi telnet
    Name : telnet Relocations: (not)
    Version : 0.17 Vendor: CentOS
    Release : 31.EL4.3 Build Date: Tue 14 Jun 2005
    Install Date: Sat 11 Feb 2006 Build Host: build5
    Group : Applications/Internet Src RPM: telnet-0.17.src.rpm
    Size : 87254 License: BSD
    Signature : DSA/SHA1, Tue 14 Jun 2005, Key ID a53d0bab443e1821
    Packager : Johnny Hughes <johnny@centos.org>
    Summary : Client program for telnet remote login protocol.
    Description :
    Telnet is a popular protocol for logging into remote systems over the
    Internet. The telnet package provides a command line telnet client.

Querying the RPM Database

    # rpm -qc bash
    /etc/skel/.bash_logout
    /etc/skel/.bash_profile
    /etc/skel/.bashrc
    # rpm -qd sendmail
    /usr/share/man/man1/mailq.sendmail.1.gz
    /usr/share/man/man1/newaliases.sendmail.1.gz
    /usr/share/man/man5/aliases.sendmail.5.gz
    /usr/share/man/man8/mailstats.8.gz
    /usr/share/man/man8/makemap.8.gz
    /usr/share/man/man8/praliases.8.gz
    /usr/share/man/man8/rmail.8.gz
    /usr/share/man/man8/sendmail.sendmail.8.gz
    /usr/share/man/man8/smrsh.8.gz

Searching all Packages

    # rpm -qa | grep telnet
    telnet-0.17-31.EL4.3
    # rpm -qa | grep py
    python-2.3.4-14.1
    pyOpenSSL-0.6-1.p23
    rpm-python-4.3.3-11_nonptl
    pygtk2-2.4.0-1
    python-devel-2.3.4-14.1
    python-ldap-2.0.1-2
    pyxf86config-0.3.19-1
    libxml2-python-2.6.16-6
    python-elementtree-1.2.6-4
    python-sqlite-1.1.6-1
    dbus-python-0.22-12.EL.5
    pyparted-1.6.8-2
    python-urlgrabber-2.9.6-2

Querying Files and Packages

Finding owners

    # rpm -qf /usr/bin/telnet
    telnet-0.17-31.EL4.3
    # rpm -qf /etc/security/limits.conf
    pam-0.77-66.11

Querying packages
- Add -p to any query to apply it to a .rpm file instead of to an installed package.

Verifying Packages

Verifying a package returns nothing if ok

    # rpm -V telnet

Returns errors if package has problems

    # rpm -V telnet-server
    missing c /etc/xinetd.d/telnet
    missing /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
    missing d /usr/share/man/man5/issue.5.gz

Finding RPMs

The Red Hat Enterprise Linux CD-ROMs
The Red Hat Errata Page available at http://www.redhat.com/apps/support/errata/
A Red Hat FTP Mirror Site available at http://www.redhat.com/download/mirror.html
Dag RPM Repository at http://dag.wieers.com/home-made/apt/
Search for RPMs at www.rpmfind.net.
Search for RPMs at rpm.pbone.net.

Building from Source

Most free software uses autoconf:

    $ tar zxf software_package
    $ cd software_package
    $ patch <../package.patch
    $ ./configure
    $ make
    $ su
    # make install

Building Source RPMs

Install the source RPM.

    rpm -ivh foo-1.0-2.src.rpm

Move to the build directory.

    cd /usr/src/redhat
    SOURCES: Contains archive of sources + patches.
    SPEC: SPEC files describe how to build RPMs.
    BUILD: The actual build takes place here.
    RPMS: Binary RPMs stored under arch subdirs.
    SRPMS: Source RPMs stored here.

Use rpmbuild to build the RPMs.

    rpmbuild -ba SPECS/foo.spec

Copy or install RPMs.

    ls -l RPMS
    ls -l SRPMS

The SPEC File

Introduction
- Descriptions that rpm -qi shows you.
- One desc/pkg, as one SRPM may build multiple binary RPMs.
Prep: Extracting the source code and patching it.
Build: Configures package and runs make.
Install: Copies files to right locations, sets owner+perms.
Clean: Removes files created by build that are no longer needed.
Files: Lists files to go into each RPM.

Why build Source RPMs?

No binary RPM exists for your Linux.
Features
- RPM exists, but feature you want disabled.
Optimization
- Modify SPEC file to optimize for your arch.

yum Package Installation

    # yum install postgresql.x86_64
    Resolving Dependencies
    Install 2 Package(s)
    Is this ok [y/N]: y
    Package(s) data still to download: 3.0 M
    (1/2): postgresql-9.0.4-5.fc15.x86_64.rpm | 2.8 MB 00:11
    (2/2): postgresql-libs-9.0.4-5.fc15.x86_64.rpm | 203 kB 00:00
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    Total 241 kB/s | 3.0 MB 00:12
    Running Transaction
    Installing : postgresql-libs-9.0.4-5.fc15.x86_64 1/2
    Installing : postgresql-9.0.4-5.fc15.x86_64 2/2

yum Package Removal

    # yum remove postgresql.x86_64
    Resolving Dependencies
    ---> Package postgresql.x86_64 0:9.0.4-5.fc15 will be erased
    Is this ok [y/N]: y
    Running Transaction
    Erasing : postgresql-9.0.4-5.fc15.x86_64 1/1
    Removed:
     postgresql.x86_64 0:9.0.4-5.fc15

yum Package Info

    # yum info samba-common.i686
    Available Packages
    Name : samba-common
    Arch : i686
    Epoch : 1
    Version : 3.5.11
    Release : 71.fc15.1
    Size : 9.9 M
    Repo : updates
    Summary : Files used by Samba servers and clients
    URL : http://www.samba.org/
    License : GPLv3+ and LGPLv3+
    Description : Samba-common provides files necessary for both the
    server and client packages of Samba.

yum Other Commands

    # yum update postgresql.x86_64 // update package
    # yum list | less // list packages
    # yum search firefox // search packages
    Loaded plugins: langpacks, presto, refresh-packagekit
    ============== N/S Matched: firefox ======================
    firefox.x86_64 : Mozilla Firefox Web browser
    gnome-do-plugins-firefox.x86_64 : gnome plugins for firefox
    mozilla-firetray-firefox.x86_64 : System tray for firefox
    mozilla-adblockplus.noarch : Adblocking extension for Firefox
    mozilla-noscript.noarch : JavaScript list extension for Firefox
    Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.

References

Debian FAQ, “Debian Package Management Tools,” http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/ch-pkgtools.en.html
Eric Foster-Johnson, RPM Guide, http://fedora.redhat.com/docs/drafts/rpm-guide-en/, 2005.
Aeleen Frisch, Essential System Administration, 3rd edition, O’Reilly, 2002.
Evi Nemeth et al, UNIX System Administration Handbook, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, 2001.
RedHat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 System Administration Guide, http:/w/ww.redhat.com/docs/manuals/enterprise/RHEL-4-Manual/sysadmin-guide/, 2005.
Yum Command Examples http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2011/08/yum-commandexamples/

CT320: Network and System Administration

Fall 2013

New Chapter 12

CT 320: Network and System Administration

Topics

Software Installation

What’s the problem?

Package Manager Features

UNIX Package Management Systems

RPM Package Names

RPM Package Contents

Using RPM

Installing a Package (rpm)

Upgrading a Package (rpm)

Uninstalling a Package (rpm)

Dependencies

Dependency Resolution

RPM Options

Just Testing

Querying the RPM Database

Querying the RPM Database

Searching all Packages

Querying Files and Packages

Verifying Packages

Finding RPMs

Building from Source

Building Source RPMs

The SPEC File

Why build Source RPMs?

yum Package Installation

yum Package Removal

yum Package Info

yum Other Commands

References